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What is Insulin?
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder
characterized by high blood sugar levels that result from a problem with
insulin function. Either your body does not produce insulin, which is called
Type 1 diabetes, or your body does not properly use the insulin that it does
produce, which is called Type 2 diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is also sometimes
referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes.
Insulin is an important hormone produced in
your pancreas that regulates your metabolism by helping your body use the sugar
from your food as energy for your body. It is involved in the breakdown of
sugars, fats, and proteins as well as the control of your blood sugar levels.
Insulin balances your blood sugar levels, decreasing them if they become too
high. It absorbs sugar from your bloodstream, processes it, and allocates it to
your fat, liver and skeletal muscle cells. It also helps to block the
production of sugar in your liver and the release of sugar from your liver into
your blood. Insulin also signals your body to store the extra sugar when there
is an excess of it in your blood. The stored sugar is released again only when
your blood sugar levels drop, such as between meals or when you engage in
physical activity.
Insulin was first discovered by Frederick
Banting and John Macleod at the University of Toronto in 1923. The Nobel Prize
was awarded to Banting and Macleod for their discovery of insulin.
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The
Pancreas
The pancreas is an organ that is important in
digestion and blood sugar control. It produces and releases a variety of
digestive hormones into the bloodstream and digestive system. It is a large,
flat organ, about 6 inches in length, and is found in the upper left part of
your abdomen behind your stomach. There are about three million cell clusters
in your pancreas called pancreatic islets (or islets of Langerhans), which
consist of four types of cells. Each type of cell releases one of four
different hormones involved in the regulation of blood sugar levels:
·
Alpha cells produce and release glucagon,
which increases blood sugar.
·
Beta cells produce and release insulin, which
decreases blood sugar.
·
Gamma or PP cells produce and release
pancreatic polypeptide, which regulates liver sugar levels.
·
Delta cells produce and release somatostatin,
which regulates alpha and beta cells.
·
When your blood sugar levels get too high,
the pancreas secretes insulin. When your blood sugar levels get too low, the
pancreas secretes glucagon.
Beta
Cells
Beta cells are the most essential cells in
your body for the proper regulation of blood sugar. Their primary function is
to store and release insulin. When your blood sugar levels are high, your beta
cells secrete insulin into the blood. When your blood sugar levels are low, the
release of insulin is stopped. Beta cells can respond rapidly to spikes in
blood sugar levels by releasing their stored insulin into the blood, and at the
same time produce more insulin.
Beta cells also play a crucial role in the
development of diabetes. In those who have diabetes, it is thought that either
their beta cells have been destroyed, or they have become non-functional
because of an auto-immune attack.
Diabetes
Insulin dysfunction is the hallmark of
diabetes, as it leads to abnormally high blood sugar levels that have profound
effects on your quality of life. It is a chronic and often debilitating disease
that can be fatal. As of 2016, 422 million people worldwide have diabetes, with
type 2 diabetes making up about 90% of the cases. The World Health Organization
predicts that by 2030 the number of people with diabetes will be more than
double that number. Access the web
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